Forex History
Have you ever wondered how Forex market came to be in the form it is now? This general knowledge will broaden your horizons and allow you to look at the market in a new light.
To understand how Forex market works, we firstly need to define “international monetary system”.
An international monetary system is sets of internationally agreed rules that state how currency relations are organized within the international economy. It consists of six parts. They are:
- International payment systems.
- The mechanism for establishing and maintaining exchange rates.
- The procedure for balancing international payments.
- Terms of convertibility of currencies.
- Mode of operation of foreign exchange and gold markets.
- Rights and duties of intergovernmental institutions, that regulate currency relations.
Until the nineteenth century, there was no formal monetary system the major global economies (back then they were Europe, the Americas, China, and India). Six parts of the system – that were mentioned above – had not existed yet. The development of the official international monetary system started in 1867. That year the first international monetary conference was held in Paris.
I. The “gold standard”
Gold played the main role in the international monetary system.
The British Empire, which was one of the world’s main economies, fixed the pound’s exchange rate to gold. The government agreed to buy or sell an ounce of gold for 4.247 pounds sterling. After that, the gold standard was established by the USA (an ounce of gold was equal to $20.67), then countries of the West Europe and Russia in 1897.
Advantages
- Lack of rates volatility.
- Low inflation.
Disadvantages
- Inability to have an independent national monetary policy.
- Tight correlation between the volume of money and production of gold (new gold deposits led to inflation, while the shortage of the gold production led to a deficit of money).
- The gold standard ended at the beginning of the World War I because governments decided to print more paper money to finance their huge military expenses.
II. Between the two World Wars
The second period of the international monetary policy started in 1922 in Genoa. The winners of the World War one got advantages for their national currencies.
At the basis of the new system was gold and the major currencies – of the US, France, and Britain – that converted to gold. National currencies became the international mediums of payments and reserves. This let them overcome the limitations of the gold standard. At the same time, the international monetary system became dependent on the economic health of the mentioned countries.
Gold parities were kept. The exchange of currency for gold could be made both directly (currencies of the US, France and Great Britain), and through foreign currencies.
Advantages
- National currencies were used as an international payment-reserve instrument. The limitations related to gold standard were removed.
- The regime of freely floating exchange rates was recovered.
- The regulation of exchange rates became the new element of the world’s financial system and was held in form of international conferences and meetings.
Disadvantages
- The international monetary policy depended on national economies.
- The system created conditions for currency wars and devaluations.
The Genoa system was crashed by the Great Depression of 1929-1933. Firstly, the US dollar suffered and then the crisis spread to other economies.
III. Bretton Woods system
The next important step in the history of the international monetary policy started in 1944 in Bretton Woods.
The main idea of the Bretton Woods system contained in the dual provision of paper money – by dollar and gold. Countries fixed national currencies to the US dollar. The dollar was converted to gold at a fixed rate of $35 per ounce.
The US dollar was the major reserve and reference currency. Participating countries had to hold their currency rates to the dollar on the constant level. Deviation could be no more than 1%. The International Monetary Fund was launched to control this system.
Advantages
- During this period the world economy was developing fast.
- Inflation was low.
- Unemployment rate decreased.
Disadvantages
- Labor productivity in the USA was lower than in Japan and Europe, it caused the rise of the European and Japanese export to the US. As a result, there was a huge amount of dollars in Western Europe, and banks invested these dollars in the US treasury securities. The external debt of the USA had risen.
- Moreover, some European central banks requested to exchange their dollars for gold, so the US gold reserves started decreasing. The exchange of dollars to gold was officially stopped in 1971.
The US dollar was devalued twice – in 1971 and 1973 – when the contents of gold was decreased. So, the system died.
IV. Jamaican system
The fourth period started in 1976 in Kingston (Jamaica). Countries got an opportunity to choose any exchange rate regime they want. Currency relations between countries become found on the floating exchange rates. Exchange rates are defined by market forces – demand and supply.
Volatility of currency rates depends on two factors:
- Supply/demand of national currencies on the international market
- Real value ratios, purchasing power of domestic currencies at international markets
Demand for foreign currency depends on the country’s import, tourists spending, and external payments. The size of supply of foreign currency is defined by the volume of export and received loans.
The supply of the US dollar and gold – the main reserve assets – wasn’t able to catch up with the rapid growth of global trade and financial transactions. As a result, a new reserve asset was specifically designed and got the name “Special Drawing Rights” (SDR). SDR is an artificial reserve and international payment instrument issued by the International Monetary Fund. Special Drawing Rights are evaluated on a base of the currency basket. The basket consists of the US dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen, the pound sterling and the Chinese yuan (since 2016). The IMF uses SDRs for internal accounting purposes. The Fund allocates SDRs to the member states and they are backed by the full faith and credit of governments.
Making a conclusion, we can say that Forex has a long history. Although some scientists consider currency exchange since the period of 17000-9000BC, a more complex international monetary system exists since 1867. There were four main periods in the Forex history: “gold standard”, “gold exchange standard”, “Bretton Woods system” and “Jamaican system”. The developing of technologies and the expansion of digital currencies can lead to the change of the system soon.